La smart city è una città che si è posta l’obiettivo di affrontare le problematiche pubbliche e territoriali attraverso l’utilizzo di soluzioni basate sull’adozione di tecnologie ICT e digitali, coinvolgendo una molteplicità di stakeholder differenti, attraverso partnership con gli enti comunali.
Sul tema esistono numerosi approcci che possono essere sintetizzati secondo 3 diverse tipologie:
- GREEN FIELD: Una città completamente nuova, progettata e caratterizzata da un elevato livello di smartness.
- WHITE FIELD: Una città costituita da gruppi di edifici o costruzioni che si trovano in prossimità dell’area cittadina e vengono annessi alla stessa.
- BROWN FIELD: Una città che si crea modificando e trasformando la città esistente con l’obiettivo di migliorare la qualità della vita cittadina.
LE CARATTERISTICHE DELLA SMART CITY:
Per definire il livello di smartness di una smart city è opportuno analizzare alcuni elementi chiave:
- Smart economy: creazione di un ambiente propenso allo sviluppo delle imprese e l’empowerment delle persone
- Smart environment: attenzione alla sostenibilità ambientale della città
- Smart governance: fruizione più agevole dei sevizi offerti alla cittadinanza ed una partecipazione attiva della stessa alla vita amministrativa della città
- Smart mobility: ottimizzazione della mobilità all’interno dell’ambito cittadino
- Smart living: attenzione al miglioramento della vivibilità per i cittadini in ambito urbano
- Smart people: creazione di un ambiente propenso allo sviluppo culturale
Concentriamo l’attenzione su alcuni di questi: smart living; smart mobility e smart environment.
LE TECNOLOGIE ABILITANTI
In cosa consistono gli ambiti che intendiamo descrivere in questo approfondimento?
- SMART LIVING: Tecnologie per il consumo efficiente e monitoraggio dell’energia, applicabili sua agli edifici che alla pubblica illuminazione.
- SMART MOBILITY: Tecnologie per la mobilità intelligente.
- SMART ENVIROMENT: Tecnologie per una gestione ottimale dei consumi energetici sia a livello termico che elettrico.
LE ENERGY COMMUNITY
Le Smart Community caratterizzate da un focus sull’ambito energetico sono note come “ENERGY COMMUNITY”.
Questa può essere definita come un insieme di utenze energetiche che decidono di effettuare scelte comuni dal punto di vista del soddisfacimento del proprio fabbisogno energetico al fine di massimizzare i benefici derivanti da questo approccio collegiale, implementabile attraverso soluzioni di generazione distribuita e di gestione intelligente di flussi energetici.
La diffusione delle Energy community all’interno del sistema energetico dà luogo a svariati benefici:
- Ottimizzazione della spesa energetica
- Benefici sismici
- Benefici ambientali
- Benefici per la sostenibilità energetica
Le aggregazioni di utenze che danno luogo ad una Energy Community possono essere omogenee (quindi tutte delle stessa categoria) o miste (ossia fanno parte di diverse categorie). La dimensione spaziale delle diverse aggregazioni può essere fortemente eterogenea, tuttavia risente di “vincoli” di natura tecnica e/o economica che caratterizzano i diversi vettori energetici. Condizione imprescindibile è che ogni utenza energetica sia parte attiva della community.
In questa sintetica descrizione abbiamo approcciato ad uno dei temi più interessanti e studiati in tema di sviluppo sostenibile e nuovi paradigmi urbani. Nei prossimi articoli approfondiremo gli aspetti più interessanti e vedremo insieme alcuni casi di studio italiani.
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